Feel free to email me to request the document (with all this text and all these figures) which is easier to work with. holly_dunsworth@uri.edu
In this activity, students will…
• Observe and describe the similarities and differences between primates and other familiar mammals, and also the similarities and differences among primates.
• Classify primate species into groups (superfamily and above).
• Transform Linnaean classification into evolutionary theory by merely changing the question from How do primates look similar and different from one another? to Why do primates look similar and different from one another?
• Build a primate “family” tree by turning Linnaean classification into phylogeny (or evolutionary tree-thinking) to describe how common ancestry and change over time explain both similarities and differences among primates.
How old are the students?
5-105*
*Prior to about age 8, teachers will need to riff quite creatively off track from this (for one, because reading the Primate Taxonomy Table may be very difficult for younger students), but I include those earlier ages because I believe that teachers of those age groups can find a way to use this lesson if they’d like to. It's possible that just knowing how to read is enough to do a stripped down version of this activity, which includes children even younger than 5. I have used this activity successfully with students aged 8-25. For upper-level anthropology courses I've used it as an ice-breaker to kick off the semester (with students who have a background in evolutionary thinking already).
How long will it take?
30 minutes minimum (much more depending on detail you wish to cover)
What materials?
• Color pictures of a diverse array of primates - approximately 3-5 times as many pictures as students. Too many is better than too few. Rip them out of old textbooks and laminate for durability. Print them off the Internet (arkive.org is one of the best sources) and laminate for durability. Make sure to have at least two different pictures of the same species for many of the species you include. Label most of them with the common names under “examples” on the chart for Part 2 (e.g. “baboon”). But a fraction may be only labeled with geographic region, scientific name, or nothing at all. Explanation is in the instructions below. Specific sources of primate photos for printing are listed in Appendix A.
• Pencil – 1 per student
• Note cards - 1 per student (for them to draw a self-portrait or a symbol to represent themselves)
• Poster paper, or large sheets of paper – 6, one for each superfamily on the Primate Taxonomy Table (below)
• Tacky gum, reusable tape, or some other ingenious sticky tool that can both hold primate pictures to the posters and also be removed and moved to different posters when students change their minds.
• Handout for students (see options below; must at minimum include Part 2: Primate Taxonomy Table)
Teacher Instructions
Part 1. (3 MINUTES minimum) DISCUSS CLASSIFICATION
Using the resources under Part 1 of the materials below, hold a discussion about classification. Don’t talk about relatedness or common ancestry! And especially don’t talk about evolution! (Next, in Part 2, the taxonomic terminology they will use, like “family,” will encourage them to think evolutionarily, hopefully, and this will come into play later in the activity.) They will already be familiar with how like is grouped with like—I often use sock and underwear drawer analogy, grocery store organization works too. Stick to primates if you’d like, but if you go broader, make sure to end your discussion with primates, including humans. Make sure to explain how (Linnaean) taxonomy/classification works. That is, simply/broadly (or complicated/specifically if you’d like) describe the methods—the use of comparative anatomy and homology and also the binomial species name for the smallest, most exclusive group within ever-more inclusive groups going up to the Kingdom level.
Part 2. (10 MINUTES minimum) CLASSIFY THE PRIMATES INTO SUPERFAMILIES
Hang a poster for each superfamily along the wall in no particular order, lay out a pile of the photos in no particular order. Students get up out of their chairs, and using the Primate Taxonomy Table (below) they stick each primate picture to a poster labeled with the superfamily to which they think it belongs. They are able to do this without any knowledge of primates because you have labeled most of the pictures with “baboon”, for example. They can go to the table on the handout and see that baboons belong in the superfamily “cercopithecoidea” and stick the photo to that poster. Unlabeled baboons should look similar to labeled ones and they should also be sticking those to the cercopithecoidea poster if they are carefully observing and are engaged in the activity. Make sure they stick their own “human” cards to a poster too. Hopefully they will respectfully work together and move others’ around if they think they have a better case for a different classification of a particular primate.
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| Primate Taxonomy Table (handout). Email me for a file you can work with more easily (holly_dunsworth@uri.edu) |
Part 3. (5 MINUTES minimum) STUDENTS SHARE THEIR REASONING FOR THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Lead the students through a tour of the features that unite the primates into each of the superfamilies. First ask them to describe the similarities among all the primate superfamilies (a quick review of Part 1). Then ask them to describe the differences they can see between the superfamilies: what makes hominoids separate from cercopithecoids, etc? It’s not imperative, but I recommend starting with the primates that share the most with humans (hominoidea) then going to the cercopithecoidea, and so on. This may appear to be difficult because they may observe overall (super) family resemblance but not be able to describe any more detail than that, which is fine! Using the resources under Part 3 below, you can provide details of the differences between the superfamilies, both that are visible in the pictures and that are not.
Part 4. (2 MINUTES minimum) CHANGE THE QUESTION FROM HOW DO PRIMATES VARY? TO WHY DO PRIMATES VARY?
Challenge students to explain the patterns of similarities that make all these creatures primates and that, for example, unite the hominoids, the cercopithecoids, etc..., while also explaining the differences that make each species unique and each superfamily unique. Hopefully, with very little help from you, they will arrive at the idea that relatedness explains it. Family history, on a larger scale than our own families, but the same kind of thing. Common ancestry and change over time since common ancestors. Evolution plain and simple.
Part 5. (10 MINUTES minimum) BUILD A PRIMATE TREE and DISCUSS ITS MEANING.
There are many ways to do this and showing more than one way would be great, but one way is to put the known phylogenetic structure, the branches of the tree for the superfamilies (see resources below) on the wall or board and have them deduce where the superfamilies go and stick the posters to those branches. Another way, for older students, is to have them figure out the relatedness of superfamilies first, starting with humans and hominoids and hypothesizing which are more and more distantly related based on increasing differences. Another is to merely show them how to walk through the table for Part 2, and change it into a hypothesis for phylogenetic/evolutionary history, with lineages diverging where each level of taxonomy divides things further into more exclusive groups. So show them how to draw time and descent lines around that evolution-free taxonomy (classification table for Part 2) that they already have and they’ll arrive at.. dun-dun-DUN evolution! I prefer to draw the students’ hypothesized tree like a big oak tree (with a streps/haplorhine split in the trunk deep down near the bottom) on the wall, and to stick the posters at the ends of the branches. But it’s obviously up to teachers and whether they have a big wall to draw on! I cover my wall in paper first so that I can draw the big tree.
Teacher Resources and Optional Handout Materials
Teachers: Pick and choose what you’d like to include in your handout, depending on what you will cover with your particular students (depending on age, time, goals, etc…). Be careful not to share any handouts too soon and spoil the opportunity for students to think first, if that’s what you have time for and are going for.
Part 1
- Where do humans fit in the classification of life on Earth? (link)
- How do we make these categories? We ask, ‘What’s similar” of the anatomy, when comparing different species. That is we look to homologous structures. A great example is the tetrapod forelimb. (link)
- What makes a primate a primate? (link)
Part 2
Lemuroidea
Nose: wet (hence the name strepsirrhine)
Geographic region: Madagascar
Tail present: yes
Activity: Some nocturnal, some diurnal
Teeth: Many more than we have, some shaped like comb for grooming fur
Body size: Small but variable from the smallest primate alive (<< 1 lb.) to ones as big as big pet cats (20 lbs.)
Lorisoidea
Nose: wet (hence the name strepsirrhine)
Geographic region: Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia
Tail present: yes and no
Activity: nocturnal
Teeth: Many more than we have
Body size: small
Tarsioidea
Nose: dry (hence the name haplorhine)
Geographic region: Southeast Asia
Tail present: yes
Activity: nocturnal
Teeth: Many more than we have
Body size: small
Ceboidea
Nose: dry (hence the name haplorhine)
Nostrils: flat and facing out to the side (hence the name platyrrhine)
Geographic region: Central and South America
Tail present: yes (and some are even prehensile!)
Activity: Most diurnal, some nocturnal
Teeth: four more than humans (one extra premolar/bicuspid in each quadrant of mouth compared to us)
Body size: Variable, with some small (like pygmy marmosets) but the largest, the spider monkey, is 25 lbs.
Cercopithecoidea
Nose: dry (hence the name haplorhine)
Nostrils: facing down (hence the name catarrhine)
Geographic region: Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa (all sub-Saharan except the Barbary macaque of Morocco and Gibraltar)
Tail present: yes (but 2-3 species are no or have very small stubs)
Activity: diurnal
Teeth: same number as humans
Body size: Many, including most macaques and baboons, weigh more than any ceboids. Some mandrills weigh over 100 lbs.!
Hominoidea
Nose: dry (hence the name haplorhine)
Nostrils: facing down (hence the name catarrhine)
Geographic region: Southeast Asia (gibbons, siamangs, orangutans); Sub-Saharan Africa (gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos); Worldwide (humans)
Tail present: no
Activity: diurnal
Teeth: same number as humans
Body size: Although gibbons and siamangs are the smallest of the group, this group is the largest in body size and weight of all primate superfamilies and includes gorillas, the largest of all primates which can weigh 400 lbs.!
Part 4
Evolution and phylogenetic thinking is just family history writ large.
Part 5. The Primate Family Tree
Here is an example (one hypothesis, if you will) of a primate phylogeny or phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree.
Here's guidance on how to turn Part 2’s table into a phylogeny with students.
Then here it is, stripped down and rotated...
Appendix A.
Sources for primate pictures
Lemuroidea
Dwarf lemurs: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Dwarf%20lemurs
Mouse lemurs: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Mouse%20lemurs
Sportive lemurs: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Sportive%20lemurs
Lorisoidea
Tarsioidea
Ceboidea
Howler monkeys: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Howler%20monkeys
Spider monkeys: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=spider%20monkey
Owl monkeys (night monkeys): http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Owl%20monkeys%20night
Squirrel monkeys: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Squirrel%20monkeys
Titi monkeys: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Titi%20monkeys
Cercopithecoidea
Drills and mandrills: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=drill%20mandrill
Hominoidea
Humans: students draw a personal sign, symbol, or self-portrait
Chimpanzees: http://www.arkive.org/explore/images?q=Chimpanzees
